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History
of medicine:
The practice of medicine developed
gradually, and separately, in ancient Egypt, India, China,
Greece, Persia and elsewhere. Medicine as it is practiced
now developed largely in the late eighteenth century and early
nineteenth century in England (William Harvey, seventeenth
century), Germany (Rudolf Virchow) and France (Jean-Martin
Charcot, Claude Bernard and others). The new, "scientific"
medicine (where results are testable and repeatable) replaced
early Western traditions of medicine, based on herbalism,
the Greek "four humours" and other pre-modern theories.[citation
needed] The focal points of development of clinical medicine
shifted to the United Kingdom and the USA by the early 1900s
(Canadian-born) Sir William Osler, Harvey Cushing).
Possibly the major shift in
medical thinking was the gradual rejection in the 1400s during
the Black Death of what may be called the 'traditional authority'
approach to science and medicine. This was the notion that
because some prominent person in the past said something must
be so, then that was the way it was, and anything one observed
to the contrary was an anomaly (which was paralleled by a
similar shift in European society in general - see Copernicus's
rejection of Ptolemy's theories on astronomy).
People like Vesalius led the
way in improving upon or indeed rejecting the theories of
great authorities from the past such as Galen, Hippocrates,
and Avicenna/Ibn Sina, all of whose theories were in time
almost totally discredited. Such new attitudes were also only
made possible by the weakening of the Roman Catholic church's
power in society, especially in the Republic of Venice.
Evidence-based medicine is a
recent movement to establish the most effective algorithms
of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of the
scientific method and modern global information science by
collating all the evidence and developing standard protocols
which are then disseminated to healthcare providers.
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